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Item Management of Iron and Manganese Toxicities of Lentil Crops Grown in Central ChileAutores: Amigo, Ramón; Méndez-Espinoza, Ana María; Schwember, Andrés R.; Cornejo , Jorge; Baettig , Ricardo; Cabeza, Ricardo A.Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) toxicity is a widespread problem in lentil production in the coastal dryland of Chile. Increasing the soil pH by liming with CaCO3 or incrementing grain yields through nitrogen fertilization can help the plants to reduce metal concentration. Thus, the main objective of this work was to evaluate two different fertilization strategies (lime (CaCO3) and nitrogen (N) additions) to reduce Fe and Mn toxicities in lentils. Lentils grown under field conditions with the highest Fe and Mn concentrations showed toxicity symptoms, but without grain yield reductions. In a pot experiment using the same soil as in the field with toxicity symptoms, the dry matter (DM) produced at the end of the trial was higher in the plants that received N while the lowest DM production was recorded in those plants treated with lime. In particular, higher root DM sustained the growth of the N-fertilized shoots, which also positively affected the grain yields being 33% higher than the control treatment (no fertilization addition). In the plants fertilized with N, the Fe and Mn levels in the shoots were lower than the control plants and those grown in soils treated with lime, but showed higher concentrations of Fe and Mn in roots. In parallel, roots exhibited high concentrations of Fe and Mn that were 13- and 9-fold higher than in the shoots. Additionally, a significant decrease of 29% in Mn concentration in the grains of plants treated with N was reported. Overall, our results suggest that an increase in DM of lentils by the addition of N can reduce the Mn concentration on leaves to a level that is likely under the threshold that causes toxicity in plant tissues. Finally, we conclude that the increase of Fe and Mn in the roots may be connected to the reduction of these metals on leaves.Item Carbohydrate and amino acid dynamics during grain growth in four temperate cereals under well-watered and water-limited regimesAutores: Méndez-Espinoza, Ana María; Garriga, Miguel; Ben Mariem, Sinda; Soba, David; Aranjuelo, Iker; Pozo, Alejandro delGrain development in cereals depends on synthesis and remobilisation compounds such as water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs), amino acids (AAs), minerals and environmental conditions during pre- and post-anthesis. This study analyses the impact of water stress on metabolite (WSCs, AAs and nitrogen) dynamics between the source (leaves and stems) and sink (grain) organs in triticale, bread wheat, durum wheat and barley. Plants were grown in glasshouse conditions under well-watered (WW) and water-limited (WL) regimes (from flag leaf fully expanded until maturity). The results showed that the stem WSC content and the apparent mobilisation of WSC to the grain were much higher in triticale and were associated with its larger grain size and grain number. In the four cereals, grain weight and the number of kernels per spike were positively associated with stem WSC mobilisation. After anthesis, the AA concentration in leaves was much lower than in the grain. In grain, the main AAs in terms of concentration were Asn, Pro and Gln in triticale, bread, and durum wheat, and Asn, Pro and Val in barley. The water-limited regime reduced grain weight per plant in the four cereal species, but it had no clear effects on WSC content and AAs in leaves and grain. In general, triticale was less affected by WL than the other cereals.
